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Organisms themselves also emit important but weak bioelectric fields resulting from cellular processes and muscular movements 2.Įlectromagnetic (EM) senses in marine animals have evolved multiple times across many taxa with a variety of, and sometimes multiple, sensory systems including magnetite-based, photo-chemical mechanisms, lateral lines and ampullae of Lorenzini 3, 4. The most dominant natural EMFs in the marine environment are the Earth’s geomagnetic field (25–65 µT) and motionally induced electric fields, resulting from conductive seawater moving through the geomagnetic field 1.

Our cross-disciplinary study highlights the need to integrate an understanding of the natural and anthropogenic EMF environment together with the responses of sensitive animals when planning future cable deployments and predicting their environmental effects.Įlectromagnetic fields (EMFs) pervade the whole of the earth’s environment and have been present throughout evolution of life on earth. Modelling, restricted to the DC component, showed good agreement with measured results. In addition, by directly measuring both the magnetic and electric field components of the EMF emitted by HVDC cables we found that there were DC and unexpectedly AC components. We demonstrate a striking increase in exploratory/foraging behaviour in skates in response to EMF and a more subtle exploratory response in lobsters. We quantified biologically relevant behavioural responses of the presumed, magneto-receptive American lobster and the electro-sensitive Little skate to electromagnetic field (EMF) emissions of a subsea high voltage direct current (HVDC) transmission cable for domestic electricity supply. Increasingly, the local electromagnetic environment used by electro- and magneto-sensitive species will be altered. Cable deployments in coastal waters are increasing worldwide, in capacity and number, owing to growing demands for electrical power and telecommunications. Potential disruption of vital cues by human activities must be understood in order to mitigate potential negative influences. Many marine animals have evolved sensory abilities to use electric and magnetic cues in essential aspects of life history, such as to detect prey, predators and mates as well as to orientate and migrate.

Strong double sided magnets in fort smith arkansas